The instructor uses decision-based training objectives to teach aviation students critical thinking skills, such as risk management and aeronautical decision-making (ADM), The desired level of learning should also be incorporated into the objectives, and these level of learning objectives may apply to one or more of the three domains of learningcognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes, beliefs, and values), and psychomotor (physical skills). These steps contribute to a positive learning environment, Another management skill that enhances the effectiveness of aviation instructors is supervision of the students. The objective formulated in the last few paragraphs, for instance, is a well-defined lesson objective from the task, Pilotage and Dead Reckoning, in the Private Pilot PTS, PTS hold an important position in aviation training curricula because they supply the instructor with specific performance objectives based on the standards that must be met for the issuance of a particular aviation certificate or rating. In the first one, the flight instructor designs a training scenario for the virtual pilots. Effective instructors also display enthusiasm for their subject matter and express themselves clearly. The reasons for using a follow-up question may vary. Computer-based training also can be designed so the progress of the student can be tracked and documented. Research has shown that learning is an active processthe more involved students are in the process, the better they learn. Research into how people learn has been ongoing for almost one hundred years. Again, the objectives must be clear, measurable, and repeatable. Students are often accustomed to dramatic, action-packed movies or games designed as entertainment. Assessment is explored in more detail in chapter 5, Instructional aids are devices that assist an instructor in the teaching-learning process. Often, instructors must improvise and adapt to the existing circumstances in order to incorporate quality instructional aids, Some of the most common and economical aids are chalk or marker boards, and supplemental print materials, including charts, diagrams, and graphs. Criterion validity means that the completion standards for the test are reflective of acceptable standards, For example, in flight training, content validity is reflected by a particular maneuver closely mimicking a maneuver required in actual flight, such as the student pilot being able to recover from a power-off stall. Many of them can be combined during the actual presentation. Words or terms used in an instructional aid should be carefully selected to convey the same meaning for the student as they do for the instructor. For example, a lecture is a convenient way to instruct large groups. For example, a program may indicate, "That was incorrect. To encourage enthusiasm and stimulate discussion, the instructor should create a relaxed, informal atmosphere. Performance-based objectives are essential in defining exactly what needs to be done and how it is done during each lesson. In order to present the lesson on weight and balance, Bob has taken the theoretical information presented in previous chaptersconcepts and principles pertinent to human behavior, how people learn, and effective communicationinto the classroom. Obviously, an explanation of elaborate equipment may require detailed schematics or mock-ups, but less complex equipment may lend itself to only basic shapes or figures. However, it is the instructors responsibility to plan, organize, develop, and present the major portion of a lesson, There are a number of advantages to lectures. As such, they serve as guides or resource experts and circulate among students who are working individually or in small groups. The revised performance-based objective may now read, "Using a sectional chart and a flight computer, plan a flight and fly from point A to point B in a Cessna 172. Likewise, it would be unfair to expect a maintenance student to safely and properly perform a compression check on an aircraft engine if the student received only e-learning, Along with the many types of e-learning, there are a variety of terms used to describe the educational use of the computer. With elearning, sophisticated databases can organize vast amounts of information that can be quickly sorted, searched, found, and cross-indexed, Due to the active nature of e-learning, the overall learning process is enhanced in several ways. In this case, the instructor may have little control over their use. The instructor must determine the method to be used in developing the subject matter. In preparing questions, the instructor should remember that the purpose is to stimulate discussion, not merely to get answers. Organizing a lesson so the students grasp the logical relationships of ideas is not an easy task, but it is necessary if the students are to learn and remember what they have learned. Effective instructors relate well to people. If necessary, a public address system can be used to amplify the speakers voice. The conclusion consists of the summary of the main points. If necessary, make assignments that give the students an adequate background for discussing the lesson topic. Some of these include study guides, exercise books, course outlines, and syllabi. Be certain of what is to be communicated, Gather the necessary data by researching for support material, Organize the material into an outline or a lesson plan. First, it will familiarize flight instructors with the FITS program, including its history, objectives, methods, and future goals. Phrases like "able to select from a list of " or "able to repeat the steps to " are better because they describe something that can be measured. Frequently, good organization and natural patterns of logic dictate the sequence. [Figure 4-16], Good instructional aids also can help solve certain language barrier problems. This actually gives the instructor more time for one-on-one teaching. Often combined with traditional task and maneuver training within a given scenario, decision-based objectives facilitate a higher level of learning and application. The instructor must continue to monitor and evaluate the progress of the student as usual. Although some schools and independent instructors may develop their own syllabus, in practice, many instructors use a commercially developed syllabus that already has been selected by a school for use in their aviation training program. Certification tests do not represent an entire training syllabus, A broad, overall objective of any pilot training course is to qualify the student to be a competent, efficient, safe pilot for the operation of specific aircraft types under stated conditions. research. They are essential for reporting complicated information. The examiner for the Airframe and Powerplant (A&P) is required to ask four questions in each of the subject areas, which are required by the regulations to be taught. As stimuli are received, the individuals sensory register works to sort out the important bits of information from the routine or less significant bits. If the instructor sees puzzled expressions, denoting that the students do not understand the question, it should be rephrased in a slightly different form. Numerous studies have attempted to determine how well instructional aids serve this purpose. They should provide an accurate visual image and make learning easier for the student, Another use for instructional aids is to clarify the relationships between material objects and concepts. An effective instructor never stops learning. Each student should be given the opportunity to discuss the various aspects of the subject, and feel free to do so. Whenever possible, the instructor should use specific rather than general words. The instructor can tailor the presentation for the class and also include graphics at appropriate points. If the discussion has revealed that certain areas are not understood by one or more members of the group, the instructor should clarify or cover this material again, As with any training method that involves discussion, students are encouraged to listen to and learn from their instructor and/or each other. Decision-based learning objectives and the use of flight training scenarios do not preclude traditional maneuver-based training. While developing the lesson, the instructor also should strongly consider the use of examples and personal experiences related to the subject of the lesson, After completing the preliminary planning and writing of the lesson plan, the instructor should rehearse the lecture to build self-confidence. The capability to stop, freeze, and replay information is helpful for both instructors and students. A relay question is asked by a learner and the instructor requests another student to respond, Questions are so much a part of teaching that they are often taken for granted. The instructor bases this assessment on the learner's ability to demonstrate consistent proficiency on a number of flight maneuvers. Care must be taken to display only a small amount of material and to make the material as simple but meaningful as possible, Numerous other useful print items may be considered as supplemental training aids. If a desired capability is to navigate from point A to point B, the objective as stated is not specific enough for all students to do it in the same way. When using CAL, the instructor should remain actively involved with the students by using close supervision, questions, examinations, quizzes, or guided discussions on the subject matter to constantly assess student progress, Simulation (the appearance of real life), role-playing (playing a specific role in the context of a real world situation), and video gaming have taken e-learning in new directions. Pictures, drawings, and photographs are especially effective because they provide common visual imagery for both instructors and students. For example, inserting conditions narrows the objective as follows: "Using sectional charts, a flight computer, and Cessna 172, navigate from point A to point B while maintaining standard hemispheric altitudes." The instructor should remember that the more intense the discussion and the greater the participation, the more effective the learning. Most projectors are bulky to handle and store, and the projector cooling fan may be noisy, Although vastly different from other projection equipment, the opaque projector reflects light from the surface of the picture or three-dimensional object onto a regular projection screen. Also, the instructor should avoid a long apologetic introduction, because it only serves to dampen the students interest in the lesson, Development is the main part of the lesson. For example, major aircraft manufacturers have developed CAL programs to teach aircraft systems and maintenance procedures to their employees, reducing the amount of manpower necessary to train aircrews and maintenance technicians on the new equipment. By using dynamic and meaningful scenarios, the instructor teaches the student how to gather information and make informed, safe, and timely decisions, Decision-based training is not a new concept. Thus, an instructor who introduces some form of active student participation in the middle of a lecture greatly increases student retention. To ensure clarity and variety, the instructor should normally use sentences of short and medium length. As mentioned earlier, possession of a high level of technical knowledge does not equate to the ability to teach it. The following practices are fundamental in the use of the chalk or marker board: Keep chalk, markers, erasers, cleaning cloths, rulers, and related items readily available to avoid interruption of the presentation, Organize and practice the chalk or marker board presentation in advance, Write or draw large enough for everyone in the group to see, Leave a margin around the material and sufficient space between lines of copy so the board is not overcrowded, Make only one point at a time. Another friend is planning to meet them at the airport and drive everyone to the game and back, Mark has strong motivation to fly his friends to the game so he keys up College Airport AWOS which reports clear and unrestricted visibility. However, the instructor provides the answer to the rhetorical question. For example, if the instructor realizes from puzzled expressions that a number of students fail to grasp an idea, that point can be further elaborated until the reactions of the students indicate they understand. In many cases, this type of supplemental training media may be reproduced in a format for projection on a screen or other clear surface, Charts, diagrams, and graphs include any printed material which gives information in tabular form. Since most aviation training is at the understanding level of learning or higher, questions should require students to grasp concepts, explain similarities and differences, and to infer cause-and-effect relationships, Planning a guided discussion is similar to planning a lecture. For example, a student pilot may enroll in a private pilot certificate course, and upon completion of all course requirements, be awarded a graduation certificate. For example, instead of using many words to describe a sound, object, or function, the instructor plays a recording of the sound, shows a picture of the object, or presents a diagram of the function. Terms such as "knowledge of " and "awareness of " cannot be measured very well, and words like this should be avoided. Although lecture and demonstration-performance may be the methods used most often, being aware of other methods and teaching tools such as guided discussion, cooperative learning, and computerassisted learning better prepares an instructor for a wide variety of teaching situations, Obviously, the aviation instructor is the key to effective teaching. Another use of computers would allow students to review procedures at their own pace while the instructor is involved in hands-on training with other students. Keep in mind that it takes time to recall data, determine how to answer, or to think of an example, The more difficult the question, the more time the students need to answer. For the effective instructor, these skills are reflected in the ability to plan, organize, and carry out a lesson. For example, voicerecognition technology, which lets computers accept spoken rather than keyed input, is highly effective for technical training, Miniature electro-optical devices allow computer-aided information to be projected electronically on sunglass-style eye wear which is connected to a lightweight, belt mounted computer. This, coupled with culturally diverse backgrounds of todays students, makes it necessary for instructors to be precise in their choice of terminology. Sometimes, in the process of writing the objective, a difficulty is encountered. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. Successful instructors teach their students not only how, but also why and when. Instructional aids can help them do this. Regardless of the teaching or training delivery method used, the teaching process remains the same. The instructor should try to make the students feel that their ideas and active participation are wanted and needed, The instructor opens the discussion by asking one of the prepared lead-off questions. Or the instructor may remind the students of an upcoming test on the material. An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by. Many of the limitations of the overhead projector are also true of the opaque projector, CDs and DVDs are todays popular video instructional aids. In addition, instructors and students may lack sufficient experience with personal computers to take full advantage of the software programs that are available, Improper or excessive use of e-learning should be avoided. The criteria should be stated so that there is no question whether the objective has been met. Regardless of which is used, it should relate to the subject and establish a background for developing the learning outcomes. In many cases, visual symbols and slogans can replace in-depth explanations. By incorporating ADM and risk management into each lesson, the aviation instructor helps the student learn, develop, and reinforce the decision-making process which ultimately leads to sound judgment and good decision-making skills, Performance-based objectives are used to set measurable, reasonable standards that describe the desired performance of the student. The group task may emphasize academic achievement, cognitive abilities, or physical skills, but the instructor must use clear and specific learning objectives to describe the knowledge and/or abilities the students are to acquire and then demonstrate on their own. For example, there are several types of lectures, such as the illustrated talk where the speaker relies heavily on visual aids to convey ideas to the listeners. Teaching methods or training delivery methods are discussed, as well as the use of instructional aids, In education, a course of training is a complete series of studies leading to attainment of a specific goal. Sequencing also can be enhanced simply by using overlays on transparencies, stripping techniques on charts and chalk or marker boards, and by imaginative use of magnetic boards. For the flight instructor, this may entail overseeing the preflight procedures. The pilot informed the controller that he was low on fuel and needed to land as soon as possible. The selection of a graph for use in any given situation depends upon the type of information the instructor wants to convey, Charts, diagrams, and graphs can be used effectively to show relationships, chronological changes, distributions, components, and flow. The most stressful aspect of becoming a flight instructor is usually passing . The pure lecture format also inhibits student participation. The plan should include all key points that need to be covered. Also as mentioned earlier, discussion involves critical thinking skill. Instructional aids should also be reviewed to determine whether their use is feasible in the training environment and whether they are appropriate for the students. Learning assessment is another important skill of an effective instructor. The instructor provides the problem to the student, offering only limited assistance as the student solves it, but participating in finding solutions. C. cannot accept the real reasons for their behavior. Well- designed course outlines are especially useful to students because they list the key points and help students organize note taking during a lecture, Aviation instructors must cover a broad range of aeronautical knowledge and skill training for pilots and AMTs. A major advantage of CDs and DVDs is the capability to store enormous amounts of information. The type of chart selected for use depends largely on the type of information the instructor wants to convey. It is a widely accepted belief in the aviation community that test items included as part of a test or evaluation should be both content valid and criterion valid. As the discussion proceeds, the instructor may find it necessary to guide the direction to stimulate the students to explore the subject in greater depth or to encourage them to discuss the topic in more detail. In other words, they must mean the same thing to any knowledgeable reader. Through discussion, the students develop an understanding of the subject by sharing knowledge, experiences, and backgrounds. For example, the instructors voice, printed text, video cassettes, interactive computer programs, part-task trainers, flight training devices, or flight simulators, and numerous other types of training devices are considered training media, In school settings, instructors may become involved in the selection and preparation of instructional aids, but they often are already in place. In addition, e-learning often seems more enjoyable than learning from a regular classroom lecture. His flight is a go, yet, 15 miles from College Airport he descends to 1,000 feet to stay below the lowering clouds and encounters rain and lowering visibility to 3 miles. Comprehensive examples of the desired learning outcomes, or behaviors, should be included in the standards. Faulty habits are difficult to correct and must be addressed as soon as possible. In the discussion, the instructor should be certain that the main points discussed build logically with the objective. For example, in developing a lesson on heading indicators, the instructor could begin with a discussion of the vacuumdriven heading indicator before proceeding to a description of the radio magnetic indicator (RMI), In some subjects, certain information or concepts are common to all who use the material. As is the case with the technician, there are times when a less used tool is the exact tool needed for a particular situation. [Figure 4-18] The brilliant light source concentrated at a short distance makes it possible to use the projector in lighted areas. HOTS should be taught throughout the curriculum from simple to complex and from concrete to abstract, Determine learning outcomes for the problem, Consider additional solutions through guided discovery, Reevaluate solution with additional options, Reflect on this solution and why it is the best solution, Consider what "best" means (is it situational), While there are many variations as to how a problem-based lesson might work, it usually involves an incentive or need to solve the problem, a decision on how to find a solution, a possible solution, an explanation for the reasons used to reach that solution, and then reflection on the solution. The effectiveness of the instructional aid is critical for this process. In all cases, a systematic plan of action requires the use of an appropriate training syllabus. In studying jet propulsion, for example, the student might begin by considering the action involved in releasing air from a toy balloon and finish by taking part in a discussion of a complex gas turbine engine, Do not be afraid to omit "less important" information at first in order to simplify the learning process. The objectives must be written. Then, allow students time to practice each step, so they can increase their ability to perform the skill. The willingness to look for ways to match student learning styles to personal instructional style is another element of effective instruction, A subject matter expert (SME) is a person who possesses a high level of expertise, knowledge, or skill in a particular area. The instructor begins by telling a story, showing a video clip, asking a question, or telling a joke. If it is a classroom presentation, the student may be asked to explain the new material. [Figure 4-12] E-learning comes in many formats. It is actually a learned capability, which may be defined as knowledge, a skill, or an attitude. It can be made immediately after the discussion of each learning outcome to bring ideas together and help in transition, showing how the ideas developed by the group relate to and support the idea discussed. The instructor should avoid the temptation to use the aids as a crutch. This method uses collaboration and can be modified for an interactive one-on-one learning situation such as an independent aviation instructor might encounter. Main Menu. The benefit of PBL lies in helping the learner gain a deeper understanding of the information and in the learner improving his or her ability to recall the information. The major advantage of CAL is that it is interactivethe computer responds in different ways, depending on student input. If they are not written, they become subject to the fallibility of recall, interpretation, or loss of specificity with time, Performance-based objectives consist of three elements: description of the skill or behavior, conditions, and criteria. An effective instructor uses a combination of teaching methods as well as instructional aids to achieve this goal. More often, the assessment is formal and results recorded to certify the students progress in the course. Overlays can also be cut into various shapes and moved about in relation to the base transparency. With advanced tracking features, CAL also can be used to test the students achievement, compare the results with past performance, and indicate the students weak or strong areas, For most aviation training, the computer should be thought of as a valuable instructional aidand entrusting an entire aviation training program to a computer is not practical.
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